Initial design and construction of a mobil regenerative. Test station can measure fuel cell parameters such as. Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, itsofcs, have attracted considerable attention lately due to the prospects of obtaining a ceramic fuel cell that operates at a reduced temperature. Rather than extracting the chemical reactants from the plates inside the cells, a fuel cell uses hydrogen fuel and oxygen extracted from the air to produce electricity. Higher energy densities compared to batteries and can be. Fuel cells are generally utilized for secondary power generation, since in cases where they are not using fossil fuels a possibility only for high temperature fuel cells pure hydrogen has to be generated by using primary energy sources. Working fuel cell systems have already been developed by many companies in the automobile, electronics. Coordination of converter and fuel cell controllers kyungwon suh and anna g.
Coordination of converter and fuel cell controllers. Fuel cell fundamentals provides a thorough introduction to the principles and practicalities behind fuel cell technology. Department of energy fuel cell technologies office describes how fuel cells work, compares different fuel cell technologies, and discusses challenges and research directions for the office. Improved understanding of fuel cell degradation mechanisms and the implementation of mitigating measures have considerably increased durability. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology by brian cook, heliocentris vancouver, canada whereas the 19th century was the century of the steam engine and the 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine, it is likely that the 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell.
Reaction engineering of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. An introduction to fuel cell technology and economics. Maximum speed of 100 mph traveling range of 315 miles. A fuel cell takes hydrogen and air oxygen and combines them to produce electricity. Ammonia as a fuel cell fuel very mild enthalpy of reforming nh 3 is a liquid at room temperature and 10 atm power density is comparable to other liquid fuels vaporizes when throttled no flash line required essentially nonflammable, nonexplosive 180 kwh of electricity from 15 gallons ammonia 38 kg with 50% efficient fuel cell system.
Analytic methods for benchmarking hydrogen and fuel cell. Extraction of the energy proton exchange membrane fuel. The technology collaboration programme on the research, development and demonstration on advanced fuel cells advanced fuel cells technology collaboration programme, afc tcp functions within a framework created by the international energy agency iea. The only byproduct of this energy production is water. Briefing papers for state policymakers fuel cell technology 1 technical background a fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel usually hydrogen derived from natural gas or biogas and an oxidant air or oxygen into electricity. This paper seeks to act as a first introduction to fuel cell technology, and to discuss in an objective manner the pros and cons of different fuel cell types, and their suitability for differing applications. A single fuel cell produces barely enough voltage for even the smallest applications. The performance of future ice and fuel cell powered. H 2 from natural gas through smr atscale production alexander kabza this version is from november 9, 2016 and optimized for din a4 page layout. Real practical fuel cell efficiency the real efficiency of a fuel cell is always less than the reversible thermodynamic efficiency. As an electrical power generator for power plants, it has a higher achievable efficiency 80% than the molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells, and has less emissions than conventional coalburning power plants. A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. A fuel cell produces electricity by means of an electrochemical reaction much like a battery.
Current status centralized h 2 production facilities in the u. The power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors, including the fuel cell type, size, temperature at which it operates, and pressure at which gases are supplied. A fuel cell receives its chemical energy hydrogen and oxygen from the outside and can operate as long as those chemicals are supplied to it. Unlike batteries, fuel cells allow easy independent scaling between power determined by the fuel cell size and capacity determined by the fuel reservoir size. Fuel cell system 2 cell stack pem 2 5 volts nominal 1. Fuel cells are electrical batteries that are characterised by the active materials on the electrodes being replenished. Current data regarding ic engine and fuel cell vehicle performance were extrapolated to 2020 to provide optimistic but plausible forecasts of how these technologies might compare. The limiting substance in the cell is copper sulfate which will run out in 72. Fuel cell engine technology hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. Wonatech can manufacture fully customized test station to meet each customers individual requirements. Fuel cell today is the leading source of information and analysis covering the global market for fuel cells.
This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information. Thus, the fuel cell stack is modular, and can be constructed in sizes ranging from a few watts up to over a megawatt 8. The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of. Regenerative fuel cells are a comparatively new type of fuel cell technology that is currently under development by organizations such as nasa. Stefanopoulou department of mechanical engineering, university of michigan, ann arbor, mi 48109, u. A recent survey by the uk hydrogen and fuel cell association and energy generation and supply ktn revealed that uk fuel cell and hydrogen companies are expecting cumulative annual revenues to reach. Latest version see dont hesitate to send me any comments or failures or ideas by email. Alexander kabza this version is from november 9, 2016 and optimized for din a4 page layout. Nonflowthrough fuel cell system test results and demonstration on the scarab rover brianne t.
The major component of a fuel cell system, the fuel cell stack, is composed of individual fuel cells assembled in repetition. Sumedha bhat siddarth k achar siddhant gupta megha rajasekhar 2. The fuel cell therefore is not limited by the carnot ef. Alternative energy california state university, northridge. Ryan ohayre, phd, is a professor of metallurgical and materials engineering at the colorado. What is a fuel cell a fuel cell is a device that converts energy from one form into another it converts the chemical energy in a fuel into electrical energy and heat. Unlike other electrochemical devices such as batteries. The onestep from chemical to electrical energy nature of this process, in comparison to the multistep e. Jakupca qinetiq north america cleveland, ohio 445 abstract this paper describes the results of the demonstration of a. Other components of the fuel cell system, particularly the fuel processor, do not scale as well as the.
Nov, 2016 fuel cells types, working, construction, fabrication and application 1. Burke national aeronautics and space administration glenn research center cleveland, ohio 445 ian j. First fuel cellfirst fuel cell 3 in 1839, william grove, a british jurist and amateur physicist, first discovered the principle of the fuel cell. Fuel cell power systems possess certain generic characteristics, which may make them favorable for future power production compared with devices based primarily on rotating machinery using thermomechanical processes. Introduction ponaganset high school fuel cell education. The fuel cell system power response is limited only by the air and hydrogen feed. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells pemfc jens oluf jensen summer school on materials for the hydrogen society, reykjavik, june 19.
The wfcts fuel cell testing system provides a complete range of fuel cell performance experiments for the fuel cell scientist and fuel cell engineer. Unlike a battery, the fuel cell reactants hydrogen and oxygen are stored. This ready reference is unique in collating in one scientifically precise and comprehensive handbook the widespread data on what is feasible and realistic in modern fuel cell technology. They are electrochemi cal devices similar to a battery and consist of a container, an. Analytic methods for benchmarking hydrogen and fuel cell technologies presentation, nrel national renewable energy laboratory author marc melaina, genevieve saur, todd ramsden, and joshua eichman.
Jul 26, 2010 what is a fuel cell a fuel cell is a device that converts energy from one form into another it converts the chemical energy in a fuel into electrical energy and heat. The five types resulted from the knowledge that heat accelerates chemical reaction rates and thus the electrical current. Nevertheless, with fuel cell technology, no one can rest on their laurels, and the last few years have seen rapid developments in the. Ii electrochemistry of fuel cell kouichi takizawa encyclopedia of life support systemseolss the principle of electric power generation in fuel cells is entirely the same as the one for ordinary batteries. However, they assumed that the temperature was constant and uniform throughout the fuel cell body, anode volume, and cathode volume. The cell will run out of copper sulfate much before it runs out of zinc. Each fuel cell type also has its own operational characteristics, offering advantages to particular applications. The benefits of integrating hydrogen and fuel cell technology. Reaction engineering of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells a new approach to elucidate the operation and control of polymer electrolyte membrane pem fuel cells is being developed. Fuel cells are generally classified according to the nature of the electrolyte except for direct methanol fuel cells which are named for their ability to use methanol as a fuel, each type requiring particular materials and fuel. There are a variety of fuel cells available today, usually classifi ed by the type of electrolyte used, but most make use of hydrogen and oxygen as the main chemicals. Fuel cell problems cost cost of a new technology is always high initially until highvolume manufacturing brings cost down need initial applications without entrenched lowcost alternatives fuels for fuel cells most fuel cells use only pure hydrogen fuel not available in large quantities. In some cases, private firms made research and development. The company plans to deploy a small fleet of the fuel cell borregos on roadways during 2010.
An overview of fuel cells currently under development. The key to a hydrogen economy ammonia fuel cell systems. To minimize dynamical effects, only the quiescent voltage u 0 is of interest here. Merewether abstract fuel cells are important future sources of electrical power and could contribute to a reduction in the amount of petro leum imported by the united states. Alternative sources of energy an introduction to fuel cells. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell into hydrogen and oxygen. Basically fuel cell in common language, is a device which converts chemical energy from a fuel into electrical energy. Many of these operational characteristics of fuel cell systems are superior to those of conventional power generators. Fuel cells can be divided into five major categories named after the electrolyte used in each. Fuel cells for education university of tennessee at. Fuel cells types, working, construction, fabrication and. A abstract load following fuel cell systems depend on control of reactant. This formulation was primarily used to analyze the effect of sudden current changes on the air stoichiometry and net power developed. Stationary fuelcell cogeneration in buildings capture the distributed economic benefits inherent in a clean, dispatchable, reliable source of power realizing economic value is key to early market adoption of stationary fuelcell.
A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60% energy efficiency when operating at peak power and that offers a 325 wkg power density and 220 wl operating on hydrogen. In batteries, however, the reactants are stored within the battery itself. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device a galvanic cell which converts free energy of a chemical reaction into electrical energy electricity. Design of a fuel cell system design of a specification of requirements for a fuel cell system for the electric power generation in a 77foot sailing ship master of science thesis sebastian emanuelsson jonatan persson department of energy and environment division of electric power engineering chalmers university of technology.
Beginning with the underlying concepts, the discussion explores fuel cell thermodynamics, kinetics, transport, and show all. Reaction engineering of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel. A global reactor engineering approach is applied to pem fuel cells to identify the essential physics that govern the dynamics in pem fuel cells. Fuel cell technologies office 23 the role of the government enabling progress cut fuel cell cost by 80% quadrupled fuel cell durability validated research advances more than 220 fuel cell cars driving over 6 million miles 360 mi range, 2x efficiency of gasoline vehicles technology innovation market impact more than. To increase the voltage, individual fuel cells are combined in series to form a stack. The central equation describing the thermodynamics of fuel cells is the nernst equation u 0 u0t0,p0. Analytic methods for benchmarking hydrogen and fuel cell technologies presentation, nrel national renewable energy laboratory author marc melaina, genevieve.
Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water, and heat. The evolution of the pem stationary fuel cell in the u. In the1960s, international fuel cells in windsor connecticut developed a fuel cell power. A fuel cell could be made by feeding in additional copper sulfate solution. The choice of electrolyte material also governs the operating temperature of the fuel cell. Transient behavior is a key requirement for the success of fuel cell vehicles. Jennifer kurtz, huyen dinh, sam sprik, genevieve saur, chris ainscough, mike peters. Incorporated into the design is a dcac converter that boosts the voltage. Fuel cells are mainly classified by the characteristics affecting their performance like the type of catalysts, electrolyte used, the fuel required and temperaturerange 1, 2.
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